Background: Sensors and mass spectrometry (MS) are frequently used in combination for food safety and quality assessment, yet their functional integration lacks a formal methodological framework. This review categorizes the synergies between these technologies into distinct Relational Connections. Methodology: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 155 original research articles published between 2015 and 2025 were systematically analyzed. Records were identified via the Scopus database within the food science domain. Experimental meta-data, including extraction protocols, instrumental configurations (ionization source, mass analyzer, cost tier), and chemometric strategies, were extracted to identify core methodological patterns. Statistical associations were quantified using chi-squared tests with Cramer's V effect sizes. Results: Five Relational Connections were identified: (1) MS as reference for sensor validation (25.2%); (2) MS-sensor correlative analysis (10.3%); (3) MS quantifying data to train predictive sensor models (6.5%); (4) MS identifying targets for sensor detection (7.1%); and (5) MS enabling sensor classification models (51.0%). Technology pairing is governed by a three-level hierarchy: analyte polarity determines the ionization source (V = 0.69), required precision determines the mass analyzer (V = 0.64), and cost/availability constraints shape the practical integration strategy. Gas Chromatography (GC)-MS is predominantly coupled with Electronic Noses for volatile profiling (86% of classification studies), while Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) pairs with biosensors for contaminant analysis (74% of reference validation studies). Systematic analysis of the full pairing matrix reveals that 75% of theoretically possible MS-sensor combinations remain unexplored or underrepresented, identifying both technical boundaries and innovation frontiers. Discussion: The findings clarify the strategic logic behind technology pairings, demonstrating that MS provides the quantitative molecular data required for sensor training. The hierarchical decision framework and identification of underexplored pairings provide an evidence-based guide for designing future integrated food analysis systems.
Sensors and Mass Spectrometry Connection for Food Analysis: A Systematic Review of Methodological Synergies
Eugelio F.
;Mascini M.
;Fanti F.;Palmieri S.;Del Carlo M.
2026-01-01
Abstract
Background: Sensors and mass spectrometry (MS) are frequently used in combination for food safety and quality assessment, yet their functional integration lacks a formal methodological framework. This review categorizes the synergies between these technologies into distinct Relational Connections. Methodology: Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 155 original research articles published between 2015 and 2025 were systematically analyzed. Records were identified via the Scopus database within the food science domain. Experimental meta-data, including extraction protocols, instrumental configurations (ionization source, mass analyzer, cost tier), and chemometric strategies, were extracted to identify core methodological patterns. Statistical associations were quantified using chi-squared tests with Cramer's V effect sizes. Results: Five Relational Connections were identified: (1) MS as reference for sensor validation (25.2%); (2) MS-sensor correlative analysis (10.3%); (3) MS quantifying data to train predictive sensor models (6.5%); (4) MS identifying targets for sensor detection (7.1%); and (5) MS enabling sensor classification models (51.0%). Technology pairing is governed by a three-level hierarchy: analyte polarity determines the ionization source (V = 0.69), required precision determines the mass analyzer (V = 0.64), and cost/availability constraints shape the practical integration strategy. Gas Chromatography (GC)-MS is predominantly coupled with Electronic Noses for volatile profiling (86% of classification studies), while Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) pairs with biosensors for contaminant analysis (74% of reference validation studies). Systematic analysis of the full pairing matrix reveals that 75% of theoretically possible MS-sensor combinations remain unexplored or underrepresented, identifying both technical boundaries and innovation frontiers. Discussion: The findings clarify the strategic logic behind technology pairings, demonstrating that MS provides the quantitative molecular data required for sensor training. The hierarchical decision framework and identification of underexplored pairings provide an evidence-based guide for designing future integrated food analysis systems.I documenti in IRIS sono protetti da copyright e tutti i diritti sono riservati, salvo diversa indicazione.
