Recent advances in sustainable strategies for the integration of nanostructured sensing surfaces in electroanalytical devices

Nanomaterials (NMs) integration in electrochemical devices as conductive nanostructured freestanding transducers and sensing surfaces has emerged in the analytical scenario, toward on-demand device manufacturing and fully exploiting NMs' features. This review reports the advances in developing electroanalytical devices based on nanostructured sensing films/surfaces obtained via accessible/sustainable strategies. Various manufacturing approaches are discussed including emerging nanostructured film-transfer technologies and nanofilms' direct generation onto low-cost substrates. Additive manufacturing and printed electronics are also treated, focusing on straightforward strategies for printed device nano-structuring. Post-production nano-modifications of preexisting transducers/electrodes are not considered. This review outlines a critical overview concerning technological novelties to obtain nanofilm-based sensors, biosensors, and electroanalytical devices, and related analytical advancements. In particular, attention is paid to nanofilms 'manufacturing strategies' based on user-friendly technologies, focusing on approaches devoted to improving sustainability. The topics will be covered describing noteworthy advancements, giving technical/practical advice, pointing out limitations, and outlining future perspectives.