Tax Implications of Natural Disasters and Pollution

There is little doubt that tax authorities can provide significant relief when disasters occur, yet there is generally nothing approaching consensus on what kinds of tax measures are most effective. In most cases, the public policy response remains an ad hoc mix of subsidies, insurance schemes, and tax reliefs, with the latter component least defined. This book, however – the first on this key topic of growing importance – bears witness to the potential for a global tax framework that can be seen as emerging in international law. Drawing primarily on CJEU case law and the European Commission’s approach, twelve well-known experts on international tax discuss the various experiences of several Member States (Germany, Spain, Italy, Austria, France, Portugal, Hungary, and the Scandinavian countries). The contributors analyse measures of public finance and ‘compensatory’ taxation taken in recent years for geographical areas struck by disasters, whether naturally caused or due to human error or environmental pollution. The focus is on EU commitments and policies, with particular regard to the effects of the so-called prohibition of State aids laid down by Article 107 TFEU. Also included is a comparative analysis of the relevant Japanese tax regime that has developed in the wake of the exceptional challenge of the Fukushima nuclear disaster. For each national tax system covered, the book examines such issues and topics as the following:  public finance measures;  compulsory insurance mechanisms as either complements or alternatives to tax relief;  recovery measures vs. development measures;  justifications required for tax development measures in order to obtain authorization by the European Commission;  specific advice on tax measures granted to subjects willing to invest in areas struck by disaster; and  regulations specific to marine accidents in international waters.